Mix design | S1 | S2 | S3 | S4 | S5 | S6 | S7 | S8 | S9 |
Design variables | |||||||||
 Cement-to-binder ratio | 14.4 | 25.0 | 25.0 | 11.8 | 16.1 | 16.1 | 11.8 | 24.9 | 25.0 |
 Fly ash-to-binder ratio | 27.1 | 28.4 | 28.4 | 20.5 | 30.8 | 30.8 | 27.2 | 27.0 | 28.4 |
 Slag-to-binder ratio | 7.2 | 7.2 | 7.3 | 7.5 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.6 | 7.4 | 7.1 |
 Rice husk-to-binder ratio | 5.2 | 9.5 | 9.4 | 6.0 | 17.2 | 17.2 | 5.4 | 16.9 | 9.3 |
 Limestone-to-binder ratio | 40.4 | 7.2 | 7.2 | 43.1 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 43.1 | 1.6 | 7.2 |
 Metakaolin-to-binder ratio | 4.7 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 9.4 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 3.8 | 5.1 | 4.9 |
 Silica fume-to-binder ratio | 1.0 | 17.0 | 16.8 | 0.3 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 0.5 | 16.3 | 16.8 |
 Sand-to-binder ratio | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 1.4 | 0.4 | 1.4 |
 Water-to-binder ratio | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 |
 Superplasticizer content (%) | 2.0 | 1.9 | 1.3 | 2.0 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 1.4 |
 Fiber volume (%) | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 1.7 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.7 |
 Fiber length (mm) | 18 | 12 | 11 | 27 | 12 | 12 | 27 | 12 | 27 |
 Fiber diameter (μm) | 24 | 17 | 17 | 40 | 16 | 16 | 40 | 17 | 40 |
 Elastic modulus of fibers (GPa) | 100 | 6 | 6 | 200 | 6 | 6 | 200 | 6 | 200 |
Fiber type | PEa | PPb | PP | Steel | PP | PP | Steel | PP | Steel |
Output variables | |||||||||
 Compressive strength (MPa) | 59.1 | 62.5 | 67.3 | 93.1 | 103.3 | 103.2 | 70.9 | 114.1 | 102.6 |
 First crack stress (MPa) | 4.8 | 4.9 | 5.1 | 5.6 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 5.3 |
 Ultimate tensile strength (MPa) | 16.6 | 14.0 | 17.2 | 9.4 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 14.1 | 11.6 | 13.2 |
 Ultimate tensile strain (%) | 6.0 | 7.1 | 4.2 | 8.5 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 6.1 | 4.2 | 8.0 |
 Carbon footprint (kg/m3) | 745 | 1142 | 1207 | 895 | 1943 | 1990 | 1010 | 2249 | 1485 |
 Cost (USD/m3) | 633 | 456 | 458 | 872 | 566 | 579 | 1143 | 610 | 1292 |
 Sustainability index | 0.89 | 0.87 | 0.84 | 0.7 | 0.54 | 0.51 | 0.5 | 0.41 | 0.25 |