Fig. 2

Illustrative causal loop diagram depicting interconnections between ecological and technological components with a social overlay. The 82 depicted relationships are catologued in Supplementary Information Table 1. Solid lines represent dependencies, and dashed lines represent interdependencies. This is not exhaustive, and the causal loop diagram presented does not capture every relationship. The diagram provides an overview of system behavior from a multidisciplinary perspective and encourages flood managers to consider the complexity of their system [55, 56]. It also represents a snapshot immediately following the hazard and does not capture long-term adaptations or transformations. This diagram was generated by the authors, urban resilience experts, and flood managers