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Table 1 Prediction model for the increment of compressive strength of concrete at low temperature

From: Mechanical properties of concrete at low and ultra-low temperatures- a review

Researchers

Predictive Models

Rule

Browne &

Bamforth

[28]

\(\Delta {\sigma}_c=\frac{-T\times W}{12},-120{}^{\circ}\textrm{C}\le T\le 0{}^{\circ}\textrm{C}\)(2)

−120 °C ≤ T ≤ 0 °C, the compressive strength increases linearly with temperature and moisture content. T ≤ − 120 °C, compressive strength approximated as a constant value.

Takashi Miura [14]

\(\Delta {\sigma}_c=\left\{\begin{array}{l}\left[12-\frac{1}{2700}{\left(T+180\right)}^2\right]\cdot W,-120{}^{\circ}\textrm{C}\le T\le 0{}^{\circ}\textrm{C}\\ {}10.7\cdot W,\begin{array}{cc}\begin{array}{cc}\begin{array}{cc}\begin{array}{cc}\begin{array}{cc}& \end{array}& \end{array}& \end{array}& \begin{array}{cc}& \end{array}\end{array}& T<-120{}^{\circ}\textrm{C}\end{array}\end{array}\right.\)(3)

−120 °C ≤ T ≤ 0 °C, the compressive strength increases with temperature decrease and moisture content increase. T ≤ − 120 °C, compressive strength is independent of temperature and increases linearly with the moisture content.

Rostasy [32]

\(\Delta {\sigma}_c=12\cdot \left[1-{\left(\frac{T+170}{170}\right)}^2\right]\cdot W,-170{}^{\circ}\textrm{C}\le T\le 0{}^{\circ}\textrm{C}\)(4)

−170 °C ≤ T ≤ 0 °C, the compressive strength increases continuously with a decrease in temperature and an increase in moisture content.

Shi & Liu [23]

\(\Delta {\sigma}_c=\left\{\begin{array}{l}\left(-0.856T-114.76\right)\cdot W,-100{}^{\circ}\textrm{C}\le T\le -20{}^{\circ}\textrm{C}\\ {}\left(0.062{T}^2+19.86T+2103.3\right)\cdot W,-160{}^{\circ}\textrm{C}\le T\le -100{}^{\circ}\textrm{C}\\ {}\left(1.276{T}^2+450.66T+39949.8\right)\cdot W,-196{}^{\circ}\textrm{C}\le T\le -160{}^{\circ}\textrm{C}\end{array}\right.\) (5)

−100 °C ≤ T ≤ − 20 °C, Linear growth stage. -180 °C ≤ T ≤ − 100 °C, slight decline stage. T ≤ -180 °C, strength recovery stage.

  1. Note: In the table, △σc is the increment of compressive strength (MPa), T is the temperature (°C), and W is the moisture content of the concrete (%)