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Table 2 The cost and effectiveness of the insulation materials

From: A novel random finite element model for holistically modeling of the frost effects on soils and cold region pavements

Insulation material

Cost (USD/m3)

Maximum tensile stess in asphalt layer (MPa)

Maximum displacement in asphalt layer (mm)

No

N/A

5.1

14.6 mm

polystyrene

72–131

1.5

−1.6

polyurethane

100–300

1.3

−1.1

glass fiber board

45–60

2.0

−1.4