From: A novel random finite element model for holistically modeling of the frost effects on soils and cold region pavements
Insulation material
Cost (USD/m3)
Maximum tensile stess in asphalt layer (MPa)
Maximum displacement in asphalt layer (mm)
No
N/A
5.1
14.6 mm
polystyrene
72–131
1.5
−1.6
polyurethane
100–300
1.3
−1.1
glass fiber board
45–60
2.0
−1.4