From: Carbon-based nanomaterials engineered cement composites: a review
Dispersion methods | System | Description | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ultrasonic dispersion | Water | Ultrasonic waves/energy can cavitate and exfoliate the CNMs. | ||
Acid treatment | Water | The strong steric hindrance effects can separate CNMs from charged ions. | ||
Surface modification | Water/cement pore solution | |||
Mechanical dispersion | Mechanical agitation | Cement matrix | Applying shearing force created by mechanical friction, collision, and crush on CNMs. | |
Ball milling | ||||
Integrated dispersion method | Cement matrix | The combined usage of the aforementioned methods. | ||
Silica fume or nano-silica | Cement matrix | Using spherical particles to prevent agglomeration of CNMs. |