Project Location | Luleå, Sweden | Durham, NH, USA | Albertville, MN, USA | Robbinsdale, MN, USA | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year of Construction | 1993/1994 | 2004 | 2008/2009 | 2009/2010 | ||
Application | Residential Street | Parking Lot | MnROAD Low-Volume Road Test Loop | Low-volume residential Intersections | ||
Comparison with Impermeable Pavement | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
Pavement Structure | 4.5 cm PA | 10.2 cm PA | 15.2 cm PA | 10.2 cm PA | ||
3 cm Choker | 10.2 cm Choker | 10.2 cm Choker (RailRoad Ballast) | 5.1 cm Choker | |||
60 cm or 100 cm Stone Reservoir with underdrain pipes | 61 cm Filter Course | 25.4 cm Stone Reservoir (Crushed CA-15) | 30.5 cm Stone Reservoir with 15.2 cm overflow draintile below the top of the reservoir | |||
53.3 cm Stone Reservoir with 15.2 cm underdrain pipes | ||||||
Geotextile | Geotextile | Geotextile &vertical plastic barriers | geotextile | |||
Total Thickness | 67.5 cm or 107.5 cm | 134.7 cm | 50.8 cm | 45.8 cm | ||
Subgrade Soil | Silty Moraine (Frost Susceptible) | Combination of infill and hydrologic soil group C soils | Sand (Cell 86) | Clay (Cell 88) | Sand (41st Ave. North) | Clay (27th Ave. North) |
Permeability of Subgrade Soil | 0.06 to 2.4 mm/min. | 0.025–0.24 mm/min. (Hydrologic Group C Soils, [17]) | Highly drainable (Not tested) | 0.16 mm/min. | >  0.63 mm/min. | Not Reported |
Year/Max. Frost Depth | 1994/95: 110 cm 1995/96: 140 cm | 03/2005: 30.5 cm 01–03/2006: 24.4 cm 11/2006–04/2007: 69.9 cm 11/2007–04/2008: 34.3 cm | 11/2010–04/2011: 61–91.4 cm | 11/2010–04/2011: 91.4–121.9 cm | >  43.2 cm (43.2 cm is the lowest temperature testing location) | |
Frost Heave | Uniformly distributed 1–2 cm for 100 cm Base 4–8 cm for 60 cm Base | Not visually observed | Appeared to heave seasonally noted by MnROAD personnel | Not Reported | ||
Pavement Early Distresses | No observed frost damage due to irregular frost heave | Sharp steel edges of snowplows; | minor surface raveling; higher rut depth; no visible cracks; | No visual distress | Some signs of excess binder | |
Resources | Bäckström [8] | Briggs [9] Holue [23] Roseen et al. [49] Roseen et al. [50] | Lebens and Troyer [32] Weiss et al. [62] | Wenck Associates [64] Weiss et al. [62] |