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Table 1 Case studies of the porous asphalt pavements monitored with frost depth

From: Review of porous asphalt pavements in cold regions: the state of practice and case study repository in design, construction, and maintenance

Project Location

Luleå, Sweden

Durham, NH, USA

Albertville, MN, USA

Robbinsdale, MN, USA

Year of Construction

1993/1994

2004

2008/2009

2009/2010

Application

Residential Street

Parking Lot

MnROAD Low-Volume Road Test Loop

Low-volume residential Intersections

Comparison with Impermeable Pavement

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Pavement Structure

4.5 cm PA

10.2 cm PA

15.2 cm PA

10.2 cm PA

3 cm Choker

10.2 cm Choker

10.2 cm Choker (RailRoad Ballast)

5.1 cm Choker

60 cm or 100 cm

Stone Reservoir with underdrain pipes

61 cm Filter Course

25.4 cm Stone Reservoir (Crushed CA-15)

30.5 cm Stone Reservoir with 15.2 cm overflow draintile below the top of the reservoir

53.3 cm Stone Reservoir with 15.2 cm underdrain pipes

Geotextile

Geotextile

Geotextile &vertical plastic barriers

geotextile

Total Thickness

67.5 cm or 107.5 cm

134.7 cm

50.8 cm

45.8 cm

Subgrade Soil

Silty Moraine (Frost Susceptible)

Combination of infill and hydrologic soil group C soils

Sand (Cell 86)

Clay (Cell 88)

Sand (41st Ave. North)

Clay (27th Ave. North)

Permeability of Subgrade Soil

0.06 to 2.4 mm/min.

0.025–0.24 mm/min. (Hydrologic Group C Soils, [17])

Highly drainable (Not tested)

0.16 mm/min.

>  0.63 mm/min.

Not Reported

Year/Max. Frost Depth

1994/95: 110 cm

1995/96: 140 cm

03/2005: 30.5 cm

01–03/2006: 24.4 cm

11/2006–04/2007: 69.9 cm

11/2007–04/2008: 34.3 cm

11/2010–04/2011: 61–91.4 cm

11/2010–04/2011: 91.4–121.9 cm

>  43.2 cm (43.2 cm is the lowest temperature testing location)

Frost Heave

Uniformly distributed

1–2 cm for 100 cm Base

4–8 cm for 60 cm Base

Not visually observed

Appeared to heave seasonally noted by MnROAD personnel

Not Reported

Pavement Early Distresses

No observed frost damage due to irregular frost heave

Sharp steel edges of snowplows;

minor surface raveling; higher rut depth; no visible cracks;

No visual distress

Some signs of excess binder

Resources

Bäckström [8]

Briggs [9]

Holue [23]

Roseen et al. [49]

Roseen et al. [50]

Lebens and Troyer [32]

Weiss et al. [62]

Wenck Associates [64]

Weiss et al. [62]